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From 1859 – 1891, Commander Pike revised all the rituals of the Scottish Rite (including the 33°). When he reworked the 18°, he removed any obligation for the degree candidate to complete a Christian duty but kept in place the fundamental character of ritual. In the Northern Jurisdiction, the great Masonic scholar Enoch Carson encouraged the Supreme Council to adopt a strong Christian position within the degree, to the outrage of many Jewish members.
